My work as a teacher
Teaching is one of the greatest joys of my life. Sharing knowledge about topics dear to me gives life meaning. Alas, universities no longer serve the purpose for students that I think they ought to.
The archetypical view is that of a person whose days are spent teaching those who desire knowledge. The role of professor is inherently tied to some university. In order to reflect on how I view my job as a teacher, it is useful to take a brief historical detour. Against the backdrop of history, it is not only simpler to express my view on tertiary education, but also simpler to justify my position. After the historical detour, I provide some personal thoughts about my job as teacher. Then I express some (personal) thoughts about the role of the university in modern society.
The traditional work of a professor
The history of the modern university starts around the year 1000. At that time scholars were typically monks who gathered knowledge in the context of monasteries. Gradually a marketplace developed for scholarly activity outside the religious context, and scholars offered their services to teach those in need of the knowledge. Given that few people were wealthy enough to appoint private tutors, communities soon formed that were the academic equivalent of other guilds, such as carpentry or stone masonry. These academic guilds (soon: universities) were societies for those who were interested in learning (as in Bologna), teaching (as in Paris) or teaching and learning (as in England). Just like other guilds, one had to reach a certain membership degree in the guild (as a master or even a grandmaster) to be deemed a 'professional'. In these academic guilds (or universities) the degree of master was the level at which a person was deemed qualified to teach others. (The term remains part of the term headmaster as the principal teacher of a school.) The membership degree of doctor was awarded to those whose knowledge exceeded what was expected from a master; members with a doctor status in the guild were deemed to be extremely knowledgeable, and therefore valuable in the ranks of a university. A baccalaureus degree was introduced in a number of countries as an "early exit" degree; in Europe it only became a standard university offering after the year 2000. In some countries (notably France) this exit point was known as a licence (to practice), while the master's level was deemed the licence to teach. It was common for students to move from one 'school' to another to study topics that interested them. There was no curriculum. In fact, many students only studied until they acquired enough knowledge (or their funds dried up), without receiving any degree.
Initially teaching occurred wherever a usable space could be found. Years after the establishment of these 'guilds' it emerged that it would make sense to provide housing for the students who wanted to study from the masters. Merton College, which later became one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford, was, for example, established in 1274. Its full name reflects its old role and subsequent positioning in the University: The House or College of Scholars of Merton in the University of Oxford. Ten years later, Peterhouse (which later became a constituent college of the University of Cambridge) was established in 1284. Its full name (as a charity) is also interesting: The Master (or Keeper) and Fellows of Peterhouse in the University of Cambridge.
At these early universities the topics of study included classic literature, the Greek philosophers, law, logic, natural philosophy (later: natural science), and theology.
To teach a master would typically read from the classic texts and regularly stop to comment on what has just been read. Hence these masters became known as lecturers (Latin for 'readers'). In fact, the academic rank of reader is common in universities in the UK.
Late in the 14th century the academic rank of professor was introduced. It referred to lecturers who professed to be experts in specific subject areas and were therefore teachers of the highest calibre. (Note that the term professor lost this meaning in North America, where it is used to refer to a lecturer at any rank unless qualified, such as a full professor. Even then, the person is usually not addressed using this title, but as doctor in the case of someone who holds a doctoral degree.)
These early scholars obviously read widely and often exchanged 'papers'. Occasionally somebody who wrote a particularly interesting paper was invited by a group of scholars (or some scholarly society) to come and read the paper to them. However, the notion of research as we know it today only emerged in the 19th century and only became popular early in the 20th century.
My job as teacher
Never in my wildest dreams at school did I consider becoming a teacher of any kind. Teaching involved groups of people, and that, quite simply, was not how I saw myself. However, when I went to university I quite often found myself explaining material to fellow students - material that challenged them, but I was readily able to master. In fact, I realised that explaining the work inevitably left to my own deeper understanding of the work. I had to weigh my fear of groups of people against the joy of explaining work (and learning through explanation). My love of the knowledge and sharing it won. Never, over decades of teaching, have I experienced teaching as work.
Teaching requires significant amounts of work to set tests, marks tests and handle all the administration that accompanies teaching. However, teaching itself is not work. Part of preparing for a lecture is looking forward to the event including considering questions that may be forthcoming. That is also a learning opportunity - to gain insight to be able to answer such questions. In the world of technology what was true yesterday may not be true tomorrow; when one will soon stand in front of a class there is reason to try to remain current. Where one fails in this regard, students are bound to point it out. This is one of the rewards of working with young minds who are also truly interested in the subject. As a lecturer many (or most?) life events become opportunities to work life lessons somehow into a lecture. It's not always practical, but it does not stop me from considering the possibility. For me teaching is not a work; it is a way of living. Let me hasten to repeat what I said above: aspects of teaching, such as setting tests, marking them, and course administration in general are indeed very taxing aspects of work.
Where conditions allow, I prefer a talk-and-chalk approach to teaching, using as many show and tell examples as possible. The talk-and-chalk approach allows flexibility to add details where student reactions indicate a keen interest, or to repeat work in a different manner where they obviously did not follow a first exposition. I find class participation not only fulfilling, but deem it to be an important part of the learning process. While I am fairly regularly able to use physical show and tell examples, they are only meaningful in certain courses. Virtual show and tell examples are usually more appropriate, but again (mostly) only when they apply to the subject content. In the case of networking, for example, I deem it essential that students engage with the tools that provide information about networking. The show and tell examples range from interactive demonstrations of protocols, through querying of various networking databases, to sniffing traffic on the wire. This, I contend, exposes students to the 'real' world and lets them explore such contexts, where many concepts are clarified, but new questions should also arise. I hope to steer students on a journey of discovery.
A talk and chalk approach means that I do not use slides often. Too often the bulleted lists on slides replace the primary sources and discourses of learning. They tend to tell students what are important, rather than engage with a topic and realise why aspects are important in a context. Too many students try to pass courses by only studying slides. The idea that slides should act as a framework for knowledge that goes much deeper than the slides do, is often lost. However, I do use slides in many cases. In some cases time is so limited (for example in conference presentations or during short courses) that the information has to be shared at a steady pace; there is no time to explore a valuable detour and 'catch up' at some other time. In cases where multiple lecturers are involved slides help one to synchronise lectures properly. In those cases it does not really work to discuss a topic from next week's schedule today, because it answers a student's question raised today.
Obviously class size impacts one's approach to teaching. The small classes of a decade or two ago have been replaced by classes consisting of hundreds of students - even in senior classes. This increase in class sizes presents new challenges. As a lifelong learner I will never assume that I know how to teach.
Some (personal) thoughts about the role of the university in modern society
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MMMMMMXo. .:OXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0: 'lkd. .lkl. :x0NXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXk;. .dNMMMMMM
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, :0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXk. :x:. 'xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXN0: ,
x. .dXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXk. cKKx, 'xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx. .d
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MNl :0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXk. cKXXXXXKx, ':' .ckKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXO: oNM
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MMMMMMMMMMMMXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXd. 'kXXXXXXXXXXXXXO; 'xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKOx:. .ckKXXXXXXXXXNXXXXXXK0OOO0KXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXN0: cKXXXXXXXXXXXXO; 'xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXOl' .,oOXXXXXXXXXXKkl;'.....';cdOXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXd. 'kXXXXXXXXXXNXO; .xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0d;. .:x0XXXXXOo,. .:kXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
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MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0: .lKXXXXXXXXXX0c ,kXNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXO:. 'dxollox0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
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MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0: .lKXXXXXXXXX0c. ;OXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXk:. 'xXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
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MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXK000KXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0OkkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkxxxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0KXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'oXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
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MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'oXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
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MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'dXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
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MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'oXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
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MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWXd' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'oXWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
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MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWKo' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'oKWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWKo' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' 'oKWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMWXo' 'o0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0o' .oKWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
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